![]() ![]() ![]() The aims of the present study were to track T. wilhelmadisplays extraordinary movement and rhythmic body contractions, and is thus a valuable model for the investigation of sponge movement. This behaviour has been known for more almost 150 years, but it is only partly understood. As a whole, the effectiveness of MBBR for micropollutant removal was comparable with those of activated sludge processes and MBRs.Although sponges (Porifera) are basal Metazoa without muscles and a central nervous system, they are able to locomote, which is generally correlated to drastic morphological changes. Particularly, carbamazepine, ketoprofen and pentachlorophenol were found at high concentrations (7.87, 6.05 and 5.55 lg/g, respectively) on suspended biosolids. However, sorption to sludge phase was also a notable removal mechanism of some persistent micropollutants. In the MBBR system, biodegradation served as a major removal pathway for most compounds. The results for bench-scale sponge-based moving bed bioreactor (MBBR) system elucidated compound-specific variation in removal, ranging from 25.9% (carbamazepine) to 96.8% (b-Estradiol 17-acetate) on average. Acclimatized sponge showed significantly enhanced removal of some less hydrophobic compounds (logD < 2.5), such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, naproxen, and estriol, as compared with non-acclimatized sponge. ![]() Batch experiments demonstrated that micropollutants could adsorb to non-acclimatized sponge cubes to varying extents. This study investigated the removal of micropollutants using polyurethane sponge as attached-growth carrier. ![]()
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